（第5章）貧困の終焉
教科書第5章では、貧困を終焉させることができると、各分野の改善傾向と技術革新による可能性が示されている
- A widely used definition of extreme poverty is the World Bank's poverty line, where extreme poverty lies at or below an income of $1.25 per day. The WB's definition is surely too narrow. It would be better to define the extreme poverty line according to the ability of individuals to meet basic material needs (SDSN 2012b), which are food, clean water, sanitation, shelter, clothing, access to health care, access to basic education, and access to essential services such as transport, energy, and connectivity. These are the minimum needed for survival and human dignity (p.138).
- 貧困の比率は世界的には下がってきている(p.140-142)。
- MDGsでも改善が見られた。
- アフリカについては、電気と人口抑制
- The absence of electrification has been a huge chronic barrier to Africa's development and another aspect of Africa's poverty trap (SE4All 2012). Without electricity, productivity is very low. Low productivity means very low output per person, which in turn means low income and thus poverty. Poverty means low tax collections by government, and therefore the inability of the government to invest in the electricity needed to lift the region out of poverty.
- The Internet grid and mobile telephony are spreading without the need for public financing due to variable profitability and lower fixed costs than power generation. ICTs have already given a huge boost to Africa's development, and will continue to do so as they facilitate access to health care, education, banking, and other services.
- A final challenge that Africa must surmount is the very high fertility rate.
- 南アジアについては、食料供給と女性
- The first Green Revolution called for a massive increase in fertilizer use and some of that fertilizer has polluted India's rivers and coastlines. The first Green Revolution did not pay heed to long-term climate change, which was not yet recognized. The second Green Revolution will need to develop crop varieties that are resilient to heat waves, droughts, floods, and other shocks that will rise in the future as part of the consequences of human-induced climate change (p.167).
- One of the noteworthy ways that rural women have been empowered in recent decades has been through microfinance institutions, a new method of small-scale lending that is well adapted to the needs of impoverished rural women...One of the notable features of female empowerment, sometimes in the context of the self-help groups, is that it has given young women that incentive to marry later and reduce their total fertility. A mother in the labor force who earns her own income knows through experience and thorough knowledge from her peers that having fewer children will not only enable her to spend more time at work to earn a higher income but will also enable the household to invest more in each of her children so that he or she will have a chance for a better life (pp.167-169).
- ODAについて、
- The problem with the poverty trap, however, is that a country may be too poor to get on the ladder by itself... Yet they simply lack the cash flow (p.170)
- 貧困の罠から脱出する2つの方法（政府が集中投資、ドナー国からODAを受ける）
- ODA became a basic pillar of the global community around 1970 (OECD 2010). Only five countries among the donors typically reach the targeted threshold of 0.7 percent of national income: Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. DAC上位は、米国、英国、ドイツ、フランス、日本の順。
- The most effective kinds of development assistance build capital - such as paved roads, an expanded power grid, and more clinics and schools - or capacity, such as training and salaries for teachers and health workers, or social investments such as health care delivery (p.174).
理想主義すぎると少々思いますが、「2025年までに世界を変える」とも著者は別で。
